DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)

NAME
dracut.cmdline - dracut kernel command line options

DESCRIPTION

The root device used by the kernel is specified in the boot configuration file on the kernel command line, as always.

The traditional root=/dev/sda1 style device specification is allowed, but not encouraged. The root device should better be identified by LABEL or UUID. If a label is used, as in root=LABEL=<label_of_root> the initramfs will search all available devices for a filesystem with the appropriate label, and mount that device as the root filesystem. root=UUID=<uuidnumber> will mount the partition with that UUID as the root filesystem.

In the following all kernel command line parameters, which are processed by dracut, are described.

"rd.*" parameters mentioned without "=" are boolean parameters. They can be turned on/off by setting them to {0|1}. If the assignment with "=" is missing "=1" is implied. For example rd.info can be turned off with rd.info=0 or turned on with rd.info=1 or rd.info. The last value in the kernel command line is the value, which is honored.

  Standard

init=<path to real init>
    specify the path to the init programm to be started after the initramfs has finished

root=<path to blockdevice>
    specify the block device to use as the root filesystem.

    Example.

        root=/dev/sda1
        root=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
        root=/dev/disk/by-label/Root
        root=LABEL=Root
        root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
        root=UUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
        root=PARTUUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7

rootfstype=<filesystem type>
    "auto" if not specified.

    Example.

        rootfstype=ext3

rootflags=<mount options>
    specify additional mount options for the root filesystem. If not set, /etc/fstab of the real root will be parsed for special mount options and mounted accordingly.

ro
    force mounting / and /usr (if it is a separate device) read-only. If none of ro and rw is present, both are mounted according to /etc/fstab.

rw
    force mounting / and /usr (if it is a separate device) read-write. See also ro option.

rootfallback=<path to blockdevice>
    specify the block device to use as the root filesystem, if the normal root cannot be found. This can only be a simple block device with a simple file system, for which the filesystem driver is either compiled in, or added manually to the initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

rd.auto rd.auto=1
    enable autoassembly of special devices like cryptoLUKS, dmraid, mdraid or lvm. Default is off as of dracut version >= 024.

rd.cmdline=ask
    prompts the user for additional kernel command line parameters

rd.fstab=0
    do not honor special mount options for the root filesystem found in /etc/fstab of the real root.

resume=<path to resume partition>
    resume from a swap partition

    Example.

        resume=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
        resume=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
        resume=UUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7

rd.skipfsck
    skip fsck for rootfs and /usr. If you’re mounting /usr read-only and the init system performs fsck before remount, you might want to use this option to avoid duplication.

  Misc

rd.emergency=[reboot|poweroff|halt]
    specify, what action to execute in case of a critical failure. rd.shell=0 also be specified.

rd.driver.blacklist=<drivername>[,<drivername>,...]
    do not load kernel module <drivername>. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

rd.driver.pre=<drivername>[,<drivername>,...]
    force loading kernel module <drivername>. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

rd.driver.post=<drivername>[,<drivername>,...]
    force loading kernel module <drivername> after all automatic loading modules have been loaded. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

rd.retry=<seconds>
    specify how long dracut should wait for devices to appear. The default is 30 seconds. After 2/3 of the time, degraded raids are force started. If you have hardware, which takes a very long time to announce its drives, you might want to extend this value.

rd.noverifyssl
    accept self-signed certificates for ssl downloads.

rd.ctty=<terminal device>
    specify the controlling terminal for the console. This is useful, if you have multiple "console=" arguments.

  Debug

If you are dropped to an emergency shell, the file /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt is created, which can be safed to a (to be mounted by hand) partition (usually /boot) or a USB stick. Additional debugging info can be produced by adding rd.debug to the kernel command line. /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt contains all logs and the output of some tools. It should be attached to any report about dracut problems.

rd.info
    print informational output though "quiet" is set

rd.shell
    allow dropping to a shell, if root mounting fails

rd.debug
    set -x for the dracut shell. If systemd is active in the initramfs, all output is logged to the systemd journal, which you can inspect with "journalctl -ab". If systemd is not active, the logs are written to dmesg and /run/initramfs/init.log. If "quiet" is set, it also logs to the console.

rd.memdebug=[0-4]
    Print memory usage info at various points, set the verbose level from 0 to 4.

        Higher level means more debugging output:

            0 - no output
            1 - partial /proc/meminfo
            2 - /proc/meminfo
            3 - /proc/meminfo + /proc/slabinfo
            4 - /proc/meminfo + /proc/slabinfo + tracekomem
                NOTE: tracekomem is a shell script utilizing kernel trace to track
                      the rough total memory consumption of kernel modules during
                      loading. It may override other trace configurations.

rd.break
    drop to a shell at the end

rd.break={cmdline|pre-udev|pre-trigger|initqueue|pre-mount|mount|pre-pivot|cleanup}
    drop to a shell on defined breakpoint

rd.udev.info
    set udev to loglevel info

rd.udev.debug
    set udev to loglevel debug

  I18N

rd.vconsole.keymap=<keymap base file name>
    keyboard translation table loaded by loadkeys; taken from keymaps directory; will be written as KEYMAP to /etc/vconsole.conf in the initramfs.

    Example.

        rd.vconsole.keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys

rd.vconsole.keymap.ext=<list of keymap base file names>
    list of extra keymaps to bo loaded (sep. by space); will be written as EXT_KEYMAP to /etc/vconsole.conf in the initramfs

rd.vconsole.unicode
    boolean, indicating UTF-8 mode; will be written as UNICODE to /etc/vconsole.conf in the initramfs

rd.vconsole.font=<font base file name>
    console font; taken from consolefonts directory; will be written as FONT to /etc/vconsole.conf in the initramfs.

    Example.

        rd.vconsole.font=LatArCyrHeb-16

rd.vconsole.font.map=<console map base file name>
    see description of -m parameter in setfont manual; taken from consoletrans directory; will be written as FONT_MAP to /etc/vconsole.conf in the initramfs

rd.vconsole.font.unimap=<unicode table base file name>
    see description of -u parameter in setfont manual; taken from unimaps directory; will be written as FONT_UNIMAP to /etc/vconsole.conf in the initramfs

rd.locale.LANG=<locale>
    taken from the environment; if no UNICODE is defined we set its value in basis of LANG value (whether it ends with ".utf8" (or similar) or not); will be written as LANG to /etc/locale.conf in the initramfs.

    Example.

        rd.locale.LANG=pl_PL.utf8

rd.locale.LC_ALL=<locale>
    taken from the environment; will be written as LC_ALL to /etc/locale.conf in the initramfs

  LVM

rd.lvm=0
    disable LVM detection

rd.lvm.vg=<volume group name>
    only activate the volume groups with the given name. rd.lvm.vg can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.

rd.lvm.lv=<logical volume name>
    only activate the logical volumes with the given name. rd.lvm.lv can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.

rd.lvm.conf=0
    remove any /etc/lvm/lvm.conf, which may exist in the initramfs

  crypto LUKS

rd.luks=0
    disable crypto LUKS detection

rd.luks.uuid=<luks uuid>
    only activate the LUKS partitions with the given UUID. Any "luks-" of the LUKS UUID is removed before comparing to <luks uuid>. The comparisons also matches, if <luks uuid> is only the beginning of the LUKS UUID, so you don’t have to specify the full UUID. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

rd.luks.allow-discards=<luks uuid>
    Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests for LUKS partitions with the given UUID. Any "luks-" of the LUKS UUID is removed before comparing to <luks uuid>. The comparisons also matches, if <luks uuid> is only the beginning of the LUKS UUID, so you don’t have to specify the full UUID. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

rd.luks.allow-discards
    Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests on all LUKS partitions.

rd.luks.crypttab=0
    do not check, if LUKS partition is in /etc/crypttab

  crypto LUKS - key on removable device support

rd.luks.key=<keypath>:<keydev>:<luksdev>
    keypath is a path to key file to look for. It’s REQUIRED. When keypath ends with .gpg it’s considered to be key encrypted symmetrically with GPG. You will be prompted for password on boot. GPG support comes with crypt-gpg module which needs to be added explicitly.

    keydev is a device on which key file resides. It might be kernel name of devices (should start with "/dev/"), UUID (prefixed with "UUID=") or label (prefix with "LABEL="). You don’t have to specify full UUID. Just its beginning will suffice, even if its ambiguous. All matching devices will be probed. This parameter is recommended, but not required. If not present, all block devices will be probed, which may significantly increase boot time.

    If luksdev is given, the specified key will only be applied for that LUKS device. Possible values are the same as for keydev. Unless you have several LUKS devices, you don’t have to specify this parameter. The simplest usage is:

    Example.

        rd.luks.key=/foo/bar.key

    As you see, you can skip colons in such a case.

        Note
        dracut pipes key to cryptsetup with -d - argument, therefore you need to pipe to crypsetup luksFormat with -d -, too!

        Here follows example for key encrypted with GPG:

            gpg --quiet --decrypt rootkey.gpg | \
            cryptsetup -d - -v --cipher serpent-cbc-essiv:sha256 \
            --key-size 256 luksFormat /dev/sda3

        If you use plain keys, just add path to -d option:

            cryptsetup -d rootkey.key -v --cipher serpent-cbc-essiv:sha256 \
             --key-size 256 luksFormat /dev/sda3

  MD RAID

rd.md=0
    disable MD RAID detection

rd.md.imsm=0
    disable MD RAID for imsm/isw raids, use DM RAID instead

rd.md.ddf=0
    disable MD RAID for SNIA ddf raids, use DM RAID instead

rd.md.conf=0
    ignore mdadm.conf included in initramfs

rd.md.waitclean=1
    wait for any resync, recovery, or reshape activity to finish before continuing

rd.md.uuid=<md raid uuid>
    only activate the raid sets with the given UUID. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

  DM RAID

rd.dm=0
    disable DM RAID detection

rd.dm.uuid=<dm raid uuid>
    only activate the raid sets with the given UUID. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

  FIPS

rd.fips
    enable FIPS

boot=<boot device>
    specify the device, where /boot is located.

    Example.

        boot=/dev/sda1
        boot=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
        boot=UUID=<uuid>
        boot=LABEL=<label>

rd.fips.skipkernel
    skip checksum check of the kernel image. Useful, if the kernel image is not in a separate boot partition.

  Network

    Important

    It is recommended to either bind an interface to a MAC with the ifname argument, or to use the systemd-udevd predictable network interface names.

    Predictable network interface device names based on:

        • firmware/bios-provided index numbers for on-board devices

        • firmware-provided pci-express hotplug slot index number

        • physical/geographical location of the hardware

        • the interface’s MAC address

    See: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames

    Two character prefixes based on the type of interface:

    en
        ethernet

    wl
        wlan

    ww
        wwan

    Type of names:

    o<index>
        on-board device index number

    s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_id>]
        hotplug slot index number

    x<MAC>
        MAC address

    [P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_id>]
        PCI geographical location

    [P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][u<port>][..][c<config>][i<interface>]
        USB port number chain

    All multi-function PCI devices will carry the [f<function>] number in the device name, including the function 0 device.

    When using PCI geography, The PCI domain is only prepended when it is not 0.

    For USB devices the full chain of port numbers of hubs is composed. If the name gets longer than the maximum number of 15 characters, the name is not exported. The usual USB configuration == 1 and interface == 0 values are suppressed.

    PCI ethernet card with firmware index "1"

            • eno1

    PCI ethernet card in hotplug slot with firmware index number

            • ens1

    PCI ethernet multi-function card with 2 ports

            • enp2s0f0

            • enp2s0f1

    PCI wlan card

            • wlp3s0

    USB built-in 3G modem

            • wwp0s29u1u4i6

    USB Android phone

            • enp0s29u1u2

ip={dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|either6}

    dhcp|on|any
        get ip from dhcp server from all interfaces. If root=dhcp, loop sequentially through all interfaces (eth0, eth1, ...) and use the first with a valid DHCP root-path.

    auto6
        IPv6 autoconfiguration

    dhcp6
        IPv6 DHCP

    either6
        if auto6 fails, then dhcp6

ip=<interface>:{dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6}[:[<mtu>][:<macaddr>]]
    This parameter can be specified multiple times.

    dhcp|on|any|dhcp6
        get ip from dhcp server on a specific interface

    auto6
        do IPv6 autoconfiguration

    <macaddr>
        optionally set <macaddr> on the <interface>. This cannot be used in conjunction with the ifname argument for the same <interface>.

ip=<client-IP>:[<peer>]:<gateway-IP>:<netmask>:<client_hostname>:<interface>:{none|off|dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|ibft}[:[<mtu>][:<macaddr>]]
    explicit network configuration. If you want do define a IPv6 address, put it in brackets (e.g. [2001:DB8::1]). This parameter can be specified multiple times. <peer> is optional and is the address of the remote endpoint for pointopoint interfaces and it may be followed by a slash and a decimal number, encoding the network prefix length.

    <macaddr>
        optionally set <macaddr> on the <interface>. This cannot be used in conjunction with the ifname argument for the same <interface>.

ip=<client-IP>:[<peer>]:<gateway-IP>:<netmask>:<client_hostname>:<interface>:{none|off|dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|ibft}[:[<dns1>][:<dns2>]]
    explicit network configuration. If you want do define a IPv6 address, put it in brackets (e.g. [2001:DB8::1]). This parameter can be specified multiple times. <peer> is optional and is the address of the remote endpoint for pointopoint interfaces and it may be followed by a slash and a decimal number, encoding the network prefix length.

ifname=<interface>:<MAC>
    Assign network device name <interface> (ie "bootnet") to the NIC with MAC <MAC>.

        Warning
        Do not use the default kernel naming scheme for the interface name, as it can conflict with the kernel names. So, don’t use "eth[0-9]+" for the interface name. Better name it "bootnet" or "bluesocket".

rd.route=<net>/<netmask>:<gateway>[:<interface>]
    Add a static route with route options, which are separated by a colon. IPv6 addresses have to be put in brackets.

    Example.

            rd.route=192.168.200.0/24:192.168.100.222:ens10
            rd.route=192.168.200.0/24:192.168.100.222
            rd.route=192.168.200.0/24::ens10
            rd.route=[2001:DB8:3::/8]:[2001:DB8:2::1]:ens10

bootdev=<interface>
    specify network interface to use routing and netroot information from. Required if multiple ip= lines are used.

BOOTIF=<MAC>
    specify network interface to use routing and netroot information from.

rd.bootif=0
    Disable BOOTIF parsing, which is provided by PXE

nameserver=<IP> [nameserver=<IP> ...]
    specify nameserver(s) to use

biosdevname=0
    boolean, turn off biosdevname network interface renaming

rd.neednet=1
    boolean, bring up network even without netroot set

vlan=<vlanname>:<phydevice>
    Setup vlan device named <vlanname> on <phydeivce>. We support the four styles of vlan names: VLAN_PLUS_VID (vlan0005), VLAN_PLUS_VID_NO_PAD (vlan5), DEV_PLUS_VID (eth0.0005), DEV_PLUS_VID_NO_PAD (eth0.5)

bond=<bondname>[:<bondslaves>:[:<options>]]
    Setup bonding device <bondname> on top of <bondslaves>. <bondslaves> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces. <options> is a comma-separated list on bonding options (modinfo bonding for details) in format compatible with initscripts. If <options> includes multi-valued arp_ip_target option, then its values should be separated by semicolon. Bond without parameters assumes bond=bond0:eth0,eth1:mode=balance-rr

team=<teammaster>:<teamslaves>
    Setup team device <teammaster> on top of <teamslaves>. <teamslaves> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces.

bridge=<bridgename>:<ethnames>
    Setup bridge <bridgename> with <ethnames>. <ethnames> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces. Bridge without parameters assumes bridge=br0:eth0

  NFS

root=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[:<nfs-options>]
    mount nfs share from <server-ip>:/<root-dir>, if no server-ip is given, use dhcp next_server. If server-ip is an IPv6 address it has to be put in brackets, e.g. [2001:DB8::1]. NFS options can be appended with the prefix ":" or "," and are seperated by ",".

root=nfs:[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[:<nfs-options>], root=nfs4:[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[:<nfs-options>], root={dhcp|dhcp6}
    root=dhcp alone directs initrd to look at the DHCP root-path where NFS options can be specified.

    Example.

            root-path=<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
            root-path=nfs:<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
            root-path=nfs4:<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]

root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[:<nfs-options>]
    Deprecated! kernel Documentation_/filesystems/nfsroot.txt_ defines this method. This is supported by dracut, but not recommended.

rd.nfs.domain=<NFSv4 domain name>
    Set the NFSv4 domain name. Will overwrite the settings in /etc/idmap.conf.

rd.net.dhcp.retry=<cnt>
    If this option is set, dracut will try to connect via dhcp <cnt> times before failing. Default is 1.

rd.net.timeout.dhcp=<arg>
    If this option is set, dhclient is called with "-timeout <arg>".

rd.net.timeout.iflink=<seconds>
    Wait <seconds> until link shows up. Default is 60 seconds.

rd.net.timeout.ifup=<seconds>
    Wait <seconds> until link has state "UP". Default is 20 seconds.

rd.net.timeout.route=<seconds>
    Wait <seconds> until route shows up. Default is 20 seconds.

rd.net.timeout.ipv6dad=<seconds>
    Wait <seconds> until IPv6 DAD is finished. Default is 50 seconds.

rd.net.timeout.ipv6auto=<seconds>
    Wait <seconds> until IPv6 automatic addresses are assigned. Default is 40 seconds.

rd.net.timeout.carrier=<seconds>
    Wait <seconds> until carrier is recognized. Default is 5 seconds.

  CIFS

root=cifs://[<username>[:<password>]@]<server-ip>:<root-dir>
    mount cifs share from <server-ip>:/<root-dir>, if no server-ip is given, use dhcp next_server. if server-ip is an IPv6 address it has to be put in brackets, e.g. [2001:DB8::1]. If a username or password are not specified as part of the root, then they must be passed on the command line through cifsuser/cifspass.

        Warning
        Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file /proc/cmdline and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.

cifsuser=<username>
    Set the cifs username, if not specified as part of the root.

cifspass=<password>
    Set the cifs password, if not specified as part of the root.

        Warning
        Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file /proc/cmdline and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.

  iSCSI

root=iscsi:[<username>:<password>[:<reverse>:<password>]@][<servername>]:[<protocol>]:[<port>][:[<iscsi_iface_name>]:[<netdev_name>]]:[<LUN>]:<targetname>
    protocol defaults to "6", LUN defaults to "0". If the "servername" field is provided by BOOTP or DHCP, then that field is used in conjunction with other associated fields to contact the boot server in the Boot stage. However, if the "servername" field is not provided, then the "targetname" field is then used in the Discovery Service stage in conjunction with other associated fields. See rfc4173[1].

        Warning
        Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file /proc/cmdline and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.

    Example.

        root=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0

    If servername is an IPv6 address, it has to be put in brackets:

    Example.

        root=iscsi:[2001:DB8::1]::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0

root=??? netroot=iscsi:[<username>:<password>[:<reverse>:<password>]@][<servername>]:[<protocol>]:[<port>][:[<iscsi_iface_name>]:[<netdev_name>]]:[<LUN>]:<targetname> ...
    multiple netroot options allow setting up multiple iscsi disks:

    Example.

        root=UUID=12424547
        netroot=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0
        netroot=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target1

    If servername is an IPv6 address, it has to be put in brackets:

    Example.

        netroot=iscsi:[2001:DB8::1]::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0

        Warning
        Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file /proc/cmdline and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path. You may want to use rd.iscsi.firmware.

root=??? rd.iscsi.initiator=<initiator> rd.iscsi.target.name=<target name> rd.iscsi.target.ip=<target ip> rd.iscsi.target.port=<target port> rd.iscsi.target.group=<target group> rd.iscsi.username=<username> rd.iscsi.password=<password> rd.iscsi.in.username=<in username> rd.iscsi.in.password=<in password>
    manually specify all iscsistart parameter (see iscsistart --help)

        Warning
        Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all users via the file /proc/cmdline and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path. You may want to use rd.iscsi.firmware.

root=??? netroot=iscsi rd.iscsi.firmware=1
    will read the iscsi parameter from the BIOS firmware

rd.iscsi.param=<param>
    <param> will be passed as "--param <param>" to iscsistart. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

    Example.

        "netroot=iscsi rd.iscsi.firmware=1 rd.iscsi.param=node.session.timeo.replacement_timeout=30"

    will result in

        iscsistart -b --param node.session.timeo.replacement_timeout=30

rd.iscsi.ibft rd.iscsi.ibft=1: Turn on iBFT autoconfiguration for the interfaces

rd.iscsi.waitnet=0: Turn off waiting for all interfaces to be up before trying to login to the iSCSI targets.

rd.iscsi.testroute=0: Turn off checking, if the route to the iSCSI target IP is possible before trying to login.

  FCoE

fcoe=<edd|interface|MAC>:{dcb|nodcb}
    Try to connect to a FCoE SAN through the NIC specified by <interface> or <MAC> or EDD settings. For the second argument, currently only nodcb is supported. This parameter can be specified multiple times.

        Note
        letters in the MAC-address must be lowercase!

  NBD

root=??? netroot=nbd:<server>:<port>[:<fstype>[:<mountopts>[:<nbdopts>]]]
    mount nbd share from <server>

root=dhcp with dhcp root-path=nbd:<server>:<port>[:<fstype>[:<mountopts>[:<nbdopts>]]]
    root=dhcp alone directs initrd to look at the DHCP root-path where NBD options can be specified. This syntax is only usable in cases where you are directly mounting the volume as the rootfs.

  DASD

rd.dasd=....
    same syntax as the kernel module parameter (s390 only)

  ZFCP

rd.zfcp=<zfcp adaptor device bus ID>,<WWPN>,<FCPLUN>
    rd.zfcp can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.

    Example.

        rd.zfcp=0.0.4000,0x5005076300C213e9,0x5022000000000000

rd.zfcp.conf=0
    ignore zfcp.conf included in the initramfs

  ZNET

rd.znet=<nettype>,<subchannels>,<options>
    rd.znet can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.

rd.znet_ifname=<ifname>:<subchannels>
    Assign network device name <interface> (i.e. "bootnet") to the NIC corresponds to the subchannels. This is useful when dracut’s default "ifname=" doesn’t work due to device having a changing MAC address.

    Example.

        rd.znet=qeth,0.0.0600,0.0.0601,0.0.0602,layer2=1,portname=foo
        rd.znet=ctc,0.0.0600,0.0.0601,protocol=bar

  Booting live images

Dracut offers multiple options for live booted images:

squashfs with read-only filesystem image
    The system will boot with a read only filesystem from the squashfs and apply a writable device mapper snapshot over the read only filesystem. Using this method ensures a relatively fast boot and lower RAM usage. Users must be careful to avoid writing too many blocks to the snapshot volume. Once the blocks of the snapshot are exhaused, the live filesystem becomes unusable and requires a reboot.

    The filesystem structure is expected to be:

        squashfs.img          |  Squashfs downloaded via network
           !(mount)
           /LiveOS
               |- ext3fs.img  |  Filesystem image to mount read-only
                    !(mount)
                    /bin      |  Live filesystem
                    /boot     |
                    /dev      |
                    ...       |

    Dracut uses this method of live booting by default. No additional command line options are required other than root=live:<URL> to specify the location of your squashed filesystem.

writable filesystem image
    The system will retrieve a compressed filesystem image, connect it to a loopback device, and mount it as a writable volume. More RAM is required during boot but the live filesystem is easier to manage if it becomes full. Users can make a filesystem image of any size and that size will be maintained when the system boots.

    The filesystem structure is expected to be:

        rootfs.tgz            |  Compressed tarball containing fileystem image
           !(unpack)
           /rootfs.img        |  Filesystem image
              !(mount)
              /bin            |  Live filesystem
              /boot           |
              /dev            |
              ...             |

    To use this boot option, ensure that rd.writable_fsimg=1 is in your kernel command line and add the root=live:<URL> to specify the location of your compressed filesystem image tarball.

root=live:<url>
    Boots a live image retrieved from <url>. Valid handlers: http, httpd, ftp, tftp.

    Example.

        root=live:http://example.com/liveboot.img
        root=live:ftp://ftp.example.com/liveboot.img

rd.live.debug=1
    Enables debug output from the live boot process.

rd.live.dir=<path>
    Specifies the directory within the squashfs where the ext3fs.img or rootfs.img can be found. By default, this is LiveOS.

rd.live.ram=1
    Copy the complete image to RAM and use this for booting. This is useful when the image resides on i.e. a DVD which needs to be ejected later on.

rd.live.overlay=<devspec>:_(<pathspec>|auto) Allow the usage of a permanent overlay. <devspec> specifies the path to a device with a mountable filesystem. <pathspec> is the path to a file within that filesystem, which shall be used to persist the changes made to the device specified by root=live:<url>__ option.

+

Example.

    rd.live.overlay=/dev/sdb1:persistent-overlay.img

rd.live.overlay.thin=1
    Enables the usage of thin snapshots instead of classic dm snapshots. The advantage of thin snapshots is, that they support discards, and will free blocks which are not claimed by the filesystem. In this use case this means, that memory is given back to the kernel, when the filesystem does not claim it anymore.

rd.writable.fsimg=1
    Enables writable filesystem support. The system will boot with a fully writable filesystem without snapshots (see notes above about available live boot options). You can use the rootflags option to set mount options for the live filesystem as well (see documentation about rootflags in the Standard section above). This implies that the whole image is copied to RAM before the boot continues.

        Note
        There must be enough free RAM available to hold the complete image.

    This method is very suitable for diskless boots.

  Plymouth Boot Splash

plymouth.enable=0
    disable the plymouth bootsplash completely.

rd.plymouth=0
    disable the plymouth bootsplash only for the initramfs.

  Kernel keys

masterkey=<kernel master key path name>
    Set the path name of the kernel master key.

    Example.

        masterkey=/etc/keys/kmk-trusted.blob

masterkeytype=<kernel master key type>
    Set the type of the kernel master key.

    Example.

        masterkeytype=trusted

evmkey=<EVM key path name>
    Set the path name of the EVM key.

    Example.

        evmkey=/etc/keys/evm-trusted.blob

ecryptfskey=<eCryptfs key path name>
    Set the path name of the eCryptfs key.

    Example.

        ecryptfskey=/etc/keys/ecryptfs-trusted.blob

  Deprecated, renamed Options

Here is a list of options, which were used in dracut prior to version 008, and their new replacement.

rdbreak
    rd.break

rd_CCW
    rd.ccw

rd_DASD_MOD
    rd.dasd

rd_DASD
    rd.dasd

rdinitdebug rdnetdebug
    rd.debug

rd_NO_DM
    rd.dm=0

rd_DM_UUID
    rd.dm.uuid

rdblacklist
    rd.driver.blacklist

rdinsmodpost
    rd.driver.post

rdloaddriver
    rd.driver.pre

rd_NO_FSTAB
    rd.fstab=0

rdinfo
    rd.info

check
    rd.live.check

rdlivedebug
    rd.live.debug

live_dir
    rd.live.dir

liveimg
    rd.live.image

overlay
    rd.live.overlay

readonly_overlay
    rd.live.overlay.readonly

reset_overlay
    rd.live.overlay.reset

live_ram
    rd.live.ram

rd_NO_CRYPTTAB
    rd.luks.crypttab=0

rd_LUKS_KEYDEV_UUID
    rd.luks.keydev.uuid

rd_LUKS_KEYPATH
    rd.luks.keypath

rd_NO_LUKS
    rd.luks=0

rd_LUKS_UUID
    rd.luks.uuid

rd_NO_LVMCONF
    rd.lvm.conf

rd_LVM_LV
    rd.lvm.lv

rd_NO_LVM
    rd.lvm=0

rd_LVM_SNAPSHOT
    rd.lvm.snapshot

rd_LVM_SNAPSIZE
    rd.lvm.snapsize

rd_LVM_VG
    rd.lvm.vg

rd_NO_MDADMCONF
    rd.md.conf=0

rd_NO_MDIMSM
    rd.md.imsm=0

rd_NO_MD
    rd.md=0

rd_MD_UUID
    rd.md.uuid

rd_NFS_DOMAIN
    rd.nfs.domain

iscsi_initiator
    rd.iscsi.initiator

iscsi_target_name
    rd.iscsi.target.name

iscsi_target_ip
    rd.iscsi.target.ip

iscsi_target_port
    rd.iscsi.target.port

iscsi_target_group
    rd.iscsi.target.group

iscsi_username
    rd.iscsi.username

iscsi_password
    rd.iscsi.password

iscsi_in_username
    rd.iscsi.in.username

iscsi_in_password
    rd.iscsi.in.password

iscsi_firmware
    rd.iscsi.firmware=0

rd_NO_PLYMOUTH
    rd.plymouth=0

rd_retry
    rd.retry

rdshell
    rd.shell

rd_NO_SPLASH
    rd.splash

rdudevdebug
    rd.udev.debug

rdudevinfo
    rd.udev.info

rd_NO_ZFCPCONF
    rd.zfcp.conf=0

rd_ZFCP
    rd.zfcp

rd_ZNET
    rd.znet

KEYMAP
    vconsole.keymap

KEYTABLE
    vconsole.keymap

SYSFONT
    vconsole.font

CONTRANS
    vconsole.font.map

UNIMAP
    vconsole.font.unimap

UNICODE
    vconsole.unicode

EXT_KEYMAP
    vconsole.keymap.ext

  Configuration in the Initramfs

/etc/conf.d/
    Any files found in /etc/conf.d/ will be sourced in the initramfs to set initial values. Command line options will override these values set in the configuration files.

/etc/cmdline
    Can contain additional command line options. Deprecated, better use /etc/cmdline.d/*.conf.

/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf
    Can contain additional command line options.

AUTHOR

Harald Hoyer

SEE ALSO

dracut(8) dracut.conf(5)

NOTES

1.  rfc4173
    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4173#section-5